Development of Personality
TITLE: Advanced human development in the Vedic Psychology of
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Theory and research.
Findings: This paper presents subjective experiences,
theory, and research on Maharishi's Seven States of
Consciousness. It provides a conceptual model showing how the
higher states of consciousness in Maharishi's Vedic Psychology
extend beyond the developmental stages of modern psychology
and meet all the criteria of advanced development.
ALEXANDER, C. N.; HEATON, D. P.; and CHANDLER, H. M. Advanced
human development in the Vedic Psychology of Maharishi Mahesh
Yogi: Theory and research. In Transcendence and Mature
Thought in Adulthood, eds. M. E. Miller and S. R.
Cook-Greuter, pp. 39-70. Lanham, MD: Rowman &. Littlefield
Publishers, 1994.
Recent Research 469.
TITLE: Transcendental Meditation, adaptation mechanisms and
valuations.
Findings: Increased psychological health and
orientation towards positive values.
AHLSTROM, H. H. Transcendental Meditation, adaptation
mechanisms and valuations. Doctoral dissertation, Maharishi
University of Management, 1991.
Recent Research 468.
TITLE: Transcendental meditation and awakening wisdom: A
10-year longitudinal study of self-development (meditation).
Findings: Growth of wisdom: increased ego development;
improved affective functioning and cognitive development.
CHANDLER, H. M. Transcendental meditation and awakening
wisdom: A 10-year longitudinal study of self-development
(meditation). Dissertation Abstracts International 51(10):
5048B, 1990.
Recent Research 467.
TITLE: Transcendental Meditation, self-actualization, and
psychological health: A conceptual overview and statistical
meta-analysis.
Findings: Most effective means of increasing
self-actualization.
ALEXANDER, C. N.; RAINFORTH, M. V.; and GELDERLOOS, P.
Transcendental Meditation, self-actualization, and psychological
health: A conceptual overview and statistical meta-analysis. Journal
of Social Behavior and Personality 6(5), 189-247, 1991.
Recent Research 466.
TITLE: Testing and Improving Intelligence and Creativity in
the Chinese Culture with Maharishi's Vedic Psychology: Toward a
Holistic & Universal Assessment. Universal Assessment.
Findings: Increased creativity (increased ability to
interpret and associate freely, increased productive
imagination). Increased fluid intelligence (increased ability
to perceive complex relations, more effective use of short
term memory, improved ability to reason abstractly). Decreased
inspection time (increased speed of information processing,
decreased noise in the information processing system,
increased focus). Increased field independence (greater
ability to differentiate experience, greater cognitive
clarity, broad comprehension and improved ability to focus).
Increased constructive thinking (improved emotional coping,
improved behavioral coping, improvements on categorical
thinking; increased flexibility of attitude and increased
tolerance of others). Decreased state and trait anxiety.
SO KAM-TIM. Testing and Improving Intelligence and Creativity
in the Chinese Culture with Maharishi's Vedic Psychology: Toward
a Holistic & Universal Assessment. Doctoral Dissertation,
Department of Psychology, Maharishi University of Management,
1995.
Recent Research 465.
TITLE: The Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme
and reported experiences of transcendental consciousness.
Findings: Experiences of higher states of
consciousness: more frequent experiences of transcendental
consciousness.
GELDERLOOS, P., and BETO, Z. H. A. D. The Transcendental
Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme and reported experiences of
transcendental consciousness. This is a summary of a study that
appeared in Psychology - An International Journal of
Psychology in the Orient 32(2): 91-103, 1989.
Collected Papers v5.397.
TITLE: Transcendence and psychological health: studies with
long-term participants of the Transcendental Meditation and
TM-Sidhi Programme.
Findings: Psychological development:
- Higher scores on general factor of psychological health.
- Higher growth rate longitudinally.
- Scores on psychological health associated with
physiological indicators of transcendental consciousness.
GELDERLOOS, P.; HERMANS, H. J. M.; AHLSTRÖM, H. H.; and
JACOBY, R. Transcendence and psychological health: studies with
long-term participants of the Transcendental Meditation and
TM-Sidhi Programme. Journal of Psychology 124(2),
177-197, 1990.
Collected Papers v5.396.
TITLE: Psychological health and development of students at
Maharishi International University: a controlled longitudinal
study.
Findings: Student psychological development: increased
psychological health as indicated by unifying ability,
autonomy, intrinsic spirituality, creativity, directedness,
well-being, and integration of the personality. Higher growth
rate on several of these indicators.
GELDERLOOS, P. Psychological health and development of
students at Maharishi International University: a controlled
longitudinal study. Modern Science and Vedic Science 1(4):
471-487, 1987.
Collected Papers v5.395.
TITLE: Cognitive orientation toward positive values in
advanced participants of the TM and TM-Sidhi Programme.
Findings: Orientation toward positive values:
- Better recall for positive than negative words.
- Lower recognition thresholds for positive words than
negative words.
- Differential recognition threshold for positive and
negative affect terms correlated with the intensity of the
experienced positive and negative affects.
- More positive appraisal of others.
GELDERLOOS, P.; GODDARD III, P. H.; AHLSTRÖM, H. H. B.; and
JACOBY R. Cognitive orientation toward positive values in
advanced participants of the TM and TM-Sidhi Programme. Perceptual
and Motor Skills 64: 1003-1012, 1987.
Collected Papers v5.394.
TITLE: The subjective experience of higher states of
consciousness and the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field:
Personality, cognitive, perceptual, and physiological correlates
of growth to enlightenment.
Findings: Growth of higher states of consciousness.
Experiences of higher states of consciousness correlated with:
better self-concept (greater self-actualization, greater
internality of locus of control). Greater creativity (greater
fluency, flexibility, and originality). Profound physiological
rest (episodes of spontaneous breath suspension during
transcendental meditation). Greater neurological integration
(high eeg alpha and theta coherence). Greater
neurophysiological efficiency (faster h-reflex recovery).
Superior cognitive, perceptual, and motor skills (superior
perceptual speed, motor speed, psychomotor speed and
flexibility, nonverbal intelligence, and visual memory). Less
symptoms of stress (lower anxiety, aggression, depression,
introversion, and neuroticism). Greater capacity for absorbing
experiences. (the correlates of higher states of consciousness
summarised in this paper are drawn from both new experimental
findings and the results of other studies reported in the
volumes of this series.)
ALEXANDER, C. N.; ALEXANDER, V. K.; BOYER, R. W.; and
JEDRCZAK, A. The subjective experience of higher states of
consciousness and the Maharishi Technology of the Unified Field:
Personality, cognitive, perceptual, and physiological correlates
of growth to enlightenment. Harvard University, Cambridge,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.; Maharishi University of Management,
Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A.; and MERU Research Institute, Mentmore,
Buckinghamshire, England, 1984.
Collected Papers v4.312.
TITLE: The effects of meditation and relaxation techniques
on trait anxiety: A meta-analysis.
Findings: Decreased trait anxiety: greater benefit from
the Transcendental Meditation Programme than from other
meditation techniques and relaxation procedures as
demonstrated by meta-analysis.
EPPLEY, K. R.; ABRAMS, A.; and SHEAR, J. The effects of
meditation and relaxation techniques on trait anxiety: A
meta-analysis. Also published in Eppley, K.R., Abrams, A.I., and
Shear, J. (1989). Differential effects of relaxation techniques
on trait anxiety: A meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical
Psychology, 45(6), 957-974.
Collected Papers v4.311.
TITLE: Pilot testing of subjects practising the
Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme: Neuroticism,
anxiety, well-being, and the capacity for absorbing experiences.
Findings: Greater well-being. Greater sensitivity.
Greater ability to focus intently and greater responsiveness.
Lower anxiety. Lower neuroticism.
JEDRCZAK, A.; COX, D.; and CUNNINGHAM, C. Pilot testing of
subjects practising the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi
Programme: Neuroticism, anxiety, well-being, and the capacity
for absorbing experiences. Department of Psychology, MERU
Research Institute, Mentmore, Buckinghamshire, England, and
Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, London,
England, 1982.
Collected Papers v4.310.
TITLE: An empirical study of the moral atmosphere at
Maharishi International University/ University High School.
Findings: Benefits of Maharishi's Integrated System of
Education for students at Maharishi International University
High School:
- Increased moral maturity.
- High level of moral atmosphere.
NIDICH, R., and NIDICH, S. I. An empirical study of the moral
atmosphere at Maharishi International University/ University
High School. Department of Education, Maharishi University of
Management, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1983.
Collected Papers v4.309.
TITLE: Effects of Transcendental Meditation on mood and
bodily sensations.
Findings: Less nervousness (less psychosomatic
disturbance). Less aggressiveness (greater self-control,
greater emotional maturity). Less depression (greater
contentment, greater self-confidence). Less irritability
(greater calm in frustrating situations, greater tolerance).
Greater placidity (greater self-assuredness, more good humour,
less tendency to procrastinate). Less inhibition (greater
naturalness, greater spontaneity, greater self-sufficiency).
Less neuroticism (greater emotional stability, less tension).
More relaxation. More activation. More elation. Less anxiety.
Less fatigue. Less physical tension. Less physical weakness.
Increased physical well-being.
TöRBER, S.; MERTESDORF, F.; and HIESEL, E. Effects of
Transcendental Meditation on mood and bodily sensations.
Diplomarbeit of first author (abbr.), University of Cologne,
Cologne, W. Germany, 1976.
Collected Papers v4.308.
TITLE: Effects of the Transcendental Meditation Programme on
state-trait anxiety.
Findings: Decreased state and trait anxiety.
NIDICH, S. I. Effects of the Transcendental Meditation
Programme on state-trait anxiety. Maharishi University of
Management, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1982.
Collected Papers v3.275.
TITLE: Effects of Transcendental Meditation on self-identity
indices and personality.
Findings: Stronger self-identity.
TURNBULL, M. J., and NORRIS, H. Effects of Transcendental
Meditation on self-identity indices and personality. British
Journal of Psychology 73: 57-68, 1982.
Collected Papers v3.274.
TITLE: Transcendental Meditation and autogenic training: A
comparison.
Findings: Cumulative benefits for psychological health:
- Decreased nervousness.
- Decreased depression.
- Decreased emotional instability.
- Decreased manifest anxiety.
KNIFFKI, C. Transcendental Meditation and autogenic training:
A comparison. Transzendentale Meditation und Autogenes Training:
ein Vergleich in the series 'Geist und Psyche'. Munich:
Kindler Verlag, 1979.
Collected Papers v3.273.
TITLE: An integrative meta-analysis of psychological studies
investigating the treatment outcomes of meditation techniques.
Findings: Greater beneficial effect from Transcendental
Meditation than from other meditation and relaxation
procedures as indicated by meta-analysis.
FERGUSON, P. C. An integrative meta-analysis of psychological
studies investigating the treatment outcomes of meditation
techniques. Doctoral thesis (abbr.), School of Education,
University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A., 1981.
Collected Papers v3.272.
TITLE: Effects of sensitivity training and Transcendental
Meditation on perception of others.
Findings: Improved perception of others.
HOLEMAN, R., and SEILER, G. Effects of sensitivity training
and Transcendental Meditation on perception of others. Perceptual
and Motor Skills 49: 270, 1979.
Collected Papers v3.271.
TITLE: The Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Programme
and moral development.
Findings: Enhanced cognitive-moral development.
Benefits of the Transcendental Meditation Programme further
enhanced by the TM-Sidhi program.
NIDICH, S. I., and NIDICH, R. The Transcendental Meditation
and TM-Sidhi Programme and moral development. Department of
Education, Maharishi University of Management, Fairfield, Iowa,
U.S.A., 1983.
Collected Papers v3.270.
TITLE: The effect of the practice of TM on the degree of
neuroticism as measured by the defence mechanism test.
Findings: Decreased hidden mental turbulence: decreased
neuroticism.
SANDAHL, F. P. The effect of the practice of TM on the degree
of neuroticism as measured by the defence mechanism test.
National Defence Research Institute, Karlstad, Sweden, 1978.
Collected Papers v3.269.
TITLE: Length of time spent in the practice of
Transcendental Meditation and sex differences related to
intrapersonal and interpersonal orientation.
Findings: Less anxiety. Less depression. More
affectionate: more tolerant. Less tendency to dominate. Less
interested in superficial social contacts. More selective in
personal relationships. Less need for acceptance. More
inner-directed.
HANDMACHER, B. H. Length of time spent in the practice of
Transcendental Meditation and sex differences related to
intrapersonal and interpersonal orientation. Doctoral thesis
(abbr.), College of Education and Departments of Psychology and
Sociology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A.,
1978. Dissertation Abstracts International, 39: 676A.
Collected Papers v3.268.
TITLE: Inflytandet av Transcendental Meditation pa
neuroticism, medicinbruk och sömnproblem.
Findings: Decreased neuroticism. Decreased insomnia.
Decreased use of tranquillisers.
LJUNGGREN, G. Inflytandet av Transcendental Meditation pa
neuroticism, medicinbruk och sömnproblem. Läkartidningen 74(47):
4212-4214, 1977.
Collected Papers v3.267.
TITLE: Transcendental Meditation and social psychological
attitudes.
Findings: More positive conception of human nature.
More positive self-image. Higher levels of tolerance. Greater
sociability. Less pronounced feelings of social inadequacy.
HANLEY, C. P., and SPATES, J. L. Transcendental Meditation
and social psychological attitudes. The Journal of Psychology
99: 121-127, 1978.
Collected Papers v3.266.
Title: Comparison of self-concepts of
Transcendental Meditators and non-meditators.
Findings: Enhanced self-concept: less likely to qualify
self-description. Fewer personality defects. Greater
self-esteem. Better opinion of oneself. Greater
self-satisfaction. Greater sense of personal worth. Greater
satisfaction with one's moral worth and relationship to god
and religion.
NYSTUL, M. S., and GARDE, M. Comparison of self-concepts of
Transcendental Meditators and non-meditators. Psychological
Reports 41: 303-306, 1977.
Collected Papers v2.156.
Title: Role of expectancy and pre-treatment
personality in subjects' self-actualising changes while
practising Transcendental Meditation.
Findings: Increased self-actualization. Increases in
time competence (ability to live more fully in the present,
ability to connect past and present meaningfully).
Inner-directedness (independence, self-supportiveness).
BOSMAJIAN, L. S. Role of expectancy and pre-treatment
personality in subjects' self-actualising changes while
practising Transcendental Meditation. Doctoral thesis (abbr.),
Department of Psychology, The George Washington University,
Washington, D.C., U.S.A., 1977.
Collected Papers v2.155.
Title: The effect of the Transcendental
Meditation technique on anxiety level.
Findings: Decreased anxiety in university students.
DILLBECK, M. C. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation
technique on anxiety level. Journal of Clinical Psychology
33(4): 1076-1078, 1977.
Collected Papers v2.154.
Title: The effects of the Transcendental
Meditation technique upon adolescent personality.
Findings: Increased self-actualization: increases in—
- Time competence (ability to live more fully in the
present, ability to connect past, present, and future
meaningfully).
- Inner-directedness (independence, self-supportiveness).
- Self-actualising value (holding of values of
self-actualising people).
- Feeling reactivity (sensitivity to one's own needs and
feelings).
- Spontaneity.
- Self-regard.
- Nature of man is constructive (ability to see man as
essentially good).
- Capacity for intimate contact (capacity for warm
interpersonal relationships).
- Increased ego strength and emotional maturity, decreased
overreactionary behaviour.
- Increased boldness and self-sufficiency, decreased
inhibition.
- Increased self-reliance, practicality, realism, and
logical behaviour.
- Increased tolerant and conciliatory attitudes.
- Decreased instability, insomnia, and hypochondriacal and
neurasthenic symptoms.
- Increased self-control, persistence, foresight,
consideration of others, and regard for etiquette.
- Increased relaxed, unfrustrated, guilt-free behaviour.
- Increased outgoingness and tendency to participate.
- Decreased anxiety.
- Increased self-sufficiency. Decreased need for sleep
medication and pain relievers.
- Decreased use of cigarettes.
- Decreased use of alcohol.
- Decreased drug abuse.
THROLL, D. A. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation
technique upon adolescent personality. Master's thesis (abbr.),
Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand, 1978.
Collected Papers v2.153.
Title: Transcendental Meditation and the
flexibility of constructions of reality.
Findings: Greater open-mindedness: greater flexibility
of constructions of reality.
MADSEN, W. C. Transcendental Meditation and the flexibility
of constructions of reality. Department of Psychology, Stanford
University, Palo Alto, California, U.S.A., 1976.
Collected Papers v2.152.
Title: The influence of Transcendental
Meditation on positive mental health and self-actualization; and
the role of expectation, rigidity, and self-control in the
achievement of these benefits.
Findings: Increased self-actualization: increases in—
- Time competence (ability to live more fully in the
present, ability to connect past, present, and future
meaningfully).
- Inner-directedness (independence, self-supportiveness).
- Self-actualising value (holding of values of
self-actualising people).
- Feeling reactivity (sensitivity to one's own needs and
feelings).
- Spontaneity.
- Self-regard.
- Self-acceptance.
- Capacity for intimate contact (capacity for warm
interpersonal relationships).
RUSSIE, R. E. The influence of Transcendental Meditation on
positive mental health and self-actualization; and the role of
expectation, rigidity, and self-control in the achievement of
these benefits. Doctoral thesis (abbr.), California School of
Professional Psychology, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A., 1975.
Collected Papers v2.151.
Title: The effect of a three-month residence
course upon the personalities of experienced meditators.
Findings: Increased ego strength, emotional stability
and maturity, and decreased overreactionary behaviour.
Increased emotional harmony and absence of regressive
behaviour. Increased emotional strength and lessening of
unwelcome thoughts or compulsive habits. Decreased depression,
showing a calmer, more confident attitude. Increases in:
- Intelligence.
- Self-sufficiency and resourcefulness.
- Contentment.
- Enthusiasm for work.
- Trust.
- Tolerant and participating attitude.
- Creativity.
- Decreases in:
- Anxiety and tension.
- Use of alcohol.
- Use of cigarettes.
- Need for tranquillisers and other prescribed drugs.
THROLL, D. A., and THROLL, L. A. The effect of a three-month
residence course upon the personalities of experienced
meditators. Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand, 1977.
Collected Papers v2.150.
Title: A preliminary study into the effect of
Transcendental Meditation on empathy.
Findings: Greater Empathy.
GRIGGS, S. T. A preliminary study into the effect of
Transcendental Meditation on empathy. Master's thesis (abbr.),
School of Human Behavior, United States International
University, San Diego, California, U.S.A., 1976.
Collected Papers v2.149.
Title: Effects of Transcendental Meditation on
anxiety and self-concept.
Findings: Enhanced self-concept. Decreased anxiety.
GUPTA, N. C. Effects of Transcendental Meditation on anxiety
and self-concept. Department of Educational Psychology, Ball
State University, Muncie, Indiana, U.S.A., 1974.
Collected Papers v2.148.
Title: The immediate effect of the
Transcendental Meditation technique and theoretical reflections
upon the psychology and physiology of subjective well-being.
Findings: Increased elevated mood. Increased mental
clarity and wakefulness. Increased readiness for activity.
Decreased vulnerability. Decreased nervousness. Decreased
fatigue. Decreased drowsiness. Decreased lethargy. Decreased
depressed mood. Decreased introversion. Decreased aggressive
irritation.
WEISS, C. The immediate effect of the Transcendental
Meditation technique and theoretical reflections upon the
psychology and physiology of subjective well-being. Diplomarbeit
(abbr.), Institute of Psychology, University of the Saarland,
Saarbrücken, W. Germany, 1975.
Collected Papers v2.147.
Title: Transcendental Meditation and its
influence on the self-concept.
Findings: Better self-concept and degree of adjustment.
Improved psychological health.
WILLIS, C. Transcendental Meditation and its influence on the
self-concept. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas,
U.S.A., 1974.
Collected Papers v2.146.
Title: The influence of Transcendental
Meditation on anxiety.
Findings: Decreased anxiety.
FLOYD III, W. T., and HAYNES, J. The influence of
Transcendental Meditation on anxiety. Master's thesis of first
author (abbr.), Department of Psychology, North Texas State
University, Denton, Texas, U.S.A., 1974.
Collected Papers v2.145.
Title: The effect of the Transcendental
Meditation Programme on self-actualization, self-concept, and
hypnotic susceptibility.
Findings: Increased self-actualization. Enhanced
self-concept.
ROSENTHAL, J. M. The effect of the Transcendental Meditation
Programme on self-actualization, self-concept, and hypnotic
susceptibility. Master's thesis (abstract), Department of
Psychology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.,
1974.
Collected Papers v2.144.
Title: The effects of the Transcendental
Meditation Programme on levels of hostility, anxiety, and
depression.
Findings: Decreased hostility. Decreased anxiety.
Decreased depression.
HAHN, H. R., and WHALEN, T. E. The effects of the
Transcendental Meditation Programme on levels of hostility,
anxiety, and depression. Master's thesis (abbr.), Department of
Educational Psychology, California State University at Hayward,
Hayward, California, U.S.A., 1974.
Collected Papers v2.143.
Title: Psychological effects of Transcendental
Meditation.
Findings: Decreased number of situations in life felt
to be a problem. Decreased number of serious problems
experienced. Decreased hostility. Enhanced self-concept.
BOESE, E., and BERGER, K. Psychological effects of
Transcendental Meditation. Department of Behavioral Science,
Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University,
Hershey, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., 1971.
Collected Papers v2.142.
Title: The relationship between Transcendental
Meditation and adaptive regression.
Findings: Improved mental health: increased capacity
for 'adaptive regression' (conscious experience of the inner
self and ability to bring the inner self to healthy
expression).
CURTIN, T. G. The relationship between Transcendental
Meditation and adaptive regression. Doctoral thesis (abbr.),
School of Education, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts,
U.S.A., 1973.
Collected Papers v2.141.
Title: Psychological findings on Transcendental
Meditation.
Findings: Increased self-actualization. Decreased
anxiety. Decreased depression. Decreased neuroticism.
FERGUSON, P. C., and GOWAN, J. C. Psychological findings on
Transcendental Meditation. Also published as "T - ome
preliminary psychological findings" in Journal of
Humanistic Psychology 16(3): 51-60, 1976.
Collected Papers v1.78.
Title: A longitudinal study of the effect of
the Transcendental Meditation Programme on changes in
personality.
Findings: Decreased nervousness (decreased
psychosomatic disturbance). Decreased aggressiveness
(increased self-control, increased emotional maturity).
Decreased depression (increased contentment, increased
self-confidence). Decreased irritability (increased calm in
frustrating situations, increased tolerance). Increased
sociability (increased friendliness, increased liveliness).
Increased placidity (increased self-assuredness, increased
good humour, decreased tendency to procrastinate). Decreased
tendency to dominate (increased flexibility, respectfulness,
and tolerance). Decreased inhibition (increases in:
naturalness, spontaneity, self-sufficiency). Increased
extroversion (increased capacity for warm interpersonal
relationships). Decreased neuroticism (increased emotional
stability, decreased tension). Increased self-reliance
(increased effectiveness, more balanced mood, increased
vigour).
FEHR, T. A longitudinal study of the effect of the
Transcendental Meditation Programme on changes in personality.
Department of Social Affairs, MlU/Forschungsring Schöpferische
lntelligenz, Dormagen, W. Germany, 1974.
Collected Papers v1.77.
Title: Psychological testing of MIU students:
First report.
Findings: Greater self-actualisation in students at
Maharishi International University (now Maharishi University
of Management) than in other college students: greater—
- Time competence (ability to live more fully in the
present, ability to connect past and present
meaningfully).
- Inner-directedness (independence, self-supportiveness).
- Self-actualising value (holding of values of
self-actualising people).
- Spontaneity.
- Self-regard.
- Nature of man is constructive (ability to see man as
essentially good).
- Synergy (ability to see opposites of life as
meaningfully related).
- Capacity for intimate contact (capacity for warm
interpersonal relationships).
ORME-JOHNSON, D. W., and DUCK, B. Psychological testing of
MIU students: First report. Department of Psychology, Maharishi
European Research University, Switzerland, and International
Center for Scientific Research, Maharishi University of
Management, Fairfield, Iowa, U.S.A., 1974.
Collected Papers v1.76.
Title: The effects of the Transcendental
Meditation Programme on trait anxiety.
Findings: Decreased general anxiety.
STERN, M. The effects of the Transcendental Meditation
Programme on trait anxiety. Department of Education, Xavier
University, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A., 1974.
Collected Papers v1.75.
Title: The relationship of the Transcendental
Meditation Programme to self-actualisation and negative
personality characteristics.
Findings: Increased self-actualisation. Decreased
depression. Decreased neuroticism. Decreased aggression.
Decreased anxiety.
SHAPIRO, J. The relationship of the Transcendental Meditation
Programme to self-actualisation and negative personality
characteristics. Doctoral thesis (summary), Department of
Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles,
California, U.S.A., 1974.
Collected Papers v1.74.
Title: The effect of the regular practice of
the Transcendental Meditation technique on behaviour and
personality.
Findings: Decreased aggression (increases in:
tactfulness, calmness, easygoingness, forgiveness, and
consideration. Decreases in: argumentativeness, irritability,
and threatening behaviour). Improved leadership ability.
Growth of a more brave, adventurous, action-oriented nature.
Increased affiliation (increases in: enjoyment of friends,
maintenance of associations with others, warmth,
neighbourliness, and co-operativeness). Increased nurturance
(increases in: need to give sympathy and assistance to others,
protectiveness, and consideration for others). Decreased use
of drugs. Decreased use of alcohol.
SCHILLING, P. B. The effect of the regular practice of the
Transcendental Meditation technique on behaviour and
personality. Department of Clinical Psychology, Eastern Kentucky
University, Richmond, Kentucky, U.S.A., 1974.
Collected Papers v1.73.
Title: The Transcendental Meditation Programme
and progressive relaxation: Comparative effects on trait anxiety
and self-actualisation.
Findings: Increased self-actualisation:
- Increased inner-directedness/time competence.
- Increased feeling reactivity (increased sensitivity to
one's own needs and feelings).
- Reduced trait anxiety.
DAVIES, J. The Transcendental Meditation Programme and
progressive relaxation: Comparative effects on trait anxiety and
self-actualisation. Department of Psychology, University of New
England at Armidale, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, 1974.
Collected Papers v1.72.
Title: Does an in-depth Transcendental
Meditation course effect change in the personalities of the
participants?
Findings: Greater interest in academic activities.
Greater intellectual orientation. Greater aestheticism.
Greater respect for traditional religious values. Greater
adaptability of mental orientation. Greater autonomy. Greater
social extroversion. Less impulsiveness. Greater personal
integration (decreased social alienation and emotional
disturbance). Lower anxiety level. Greater altruism.
PENNER, W. J.; ZINGLE, H. W.; DYCK, R.; and TRUCH, S. Does an
in-depth Transcendental Meditation course effect change in the
personalities of the participants? Western Psychologist 4:
104-111, 1974.
Collected Papers v1.71.
Title: Influence of Transcendental Meditation
on Self-Actualisation: A replication.
Findings: Increased self-actualisation: increases in—
- Time competence (ability to live more fully in the
present, ability to connect past, present, and future
meaningfully).
- Inner-directedness (independence, self-supportiveness).
- Self-actualising value (holding of values of
self-actualising people).
- Feeling reactivity (sensitivity to one's own needs and
feelings).
- Spontaneity.
- Self-acceptance.
- Capacity for intimate contact (capacity for warm
interpersonal relationships).
NIDICH, S.; SEEMAN, W.; and DRESKIN, T. Influence of
Transcendental Meditation on Self-Actualisation: A replication. Journal
of Counseling Psychology 20: 565-566, 1973.
Collected Papers v1.70.
Title: Transcendental Meditation and
psychological health.
Findings: Increased self-actualisation: increases in—
- Time competence (ability to live more fully in the
present, ability to connect past and present
meaningfully).
- Inner-directedness (independence, self-supportiveness).
- Self-actualising value (holding of values of
self-actualising people).
- Feeling reactivity (sensitivity to one's own needs and
feelings).
- Spontaneity.
- Self-regard.
- Capacity for intimate contact (capacity for warm
interpersonal relationships). Greater inner locus of
control.
- Less anxiety.
HJELLE, L. A. Transcendental Meditation and psychological
health. Perceptual and Motor Skills 39: 623-628, 1974.
Collected Papers v1.69.
Title: Influence of the Transcendental
Meditation Programme on state anxiety.
Findings: Decreased anxiety.
NIDICH, S.; SEEMAN, W.; and SEIBERT, M. Influence of the
Transcendental Meditation Programme on state anxiety. Department
of Psychology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio,
U.S.A., 1973.
Collected Papers v1.68.
Title: Psychological research on the effects of
the Transcendental Meditation technique on a number of
personality variables.
Findings: Less neuroticism. Greater self-esteem. Better
self-image. Greater ego strength. Greater trust. Greater
satisfaction. Greater self-actualisation. Less sensitivity to
criticism. Less depression. Decreased sense of physical
inadequacy.
BERG, W. P. VAN DEN, and MULDER, B. Psychological research on
the effects of the Transcendental Meditation technique on a
number of personality variables. Findings previously published
in Gedrag: Tijdschrift voor Psychologie (Behavior: Journal of
Psychology) 4: 206-218, 1976 . See also DIJK, H. VAN, and
BERG, W. P. VAN DEN. Begripsvaliditeit van de
NPV-Zelfwaarde-Ringsschaal. Heymans Bulletins, Psychologische
lnstituten R.U., Groningen, the Netherlands, NR: HB-74-147 Ex.
Collected Papers v1.67.
Title: Personal adjustment and perceived locus
of control among students interested in meditation.
Findings: Interest in learning the Transcendental
Meditation technique found to be uncorrelated with personality
factors.
STEK, R. J., and BASS, B. A. Personal adjustment and
perceived locus of control among students interested in
meditation. Psychological Reports 32: 1019-1022, 1973.
Collected Papers v1.66.
Title: Study of personality changes resulting
from the Transcendental Meditation program: Freiburger
Personality Inventory.
Findings: Less nervousness (less psychosomatic
disturbance). Less aggressiveness (greater self-control,
greater emotional maturity). Less depression (greater
contentment, greater self-confidence). Less irritability
(greater calm in frustrating situations, greater tolerance).
Greater sociability (greater friendliness, greater
liveliness). Greater placidity (greater self-assuredness, more
good humour, less tendency to procrastinate). Less tendency to
dominate (greater respectfulness). Less inhibition (greater
naturalness, greater spontaneity, greater self-sufficiency).
Less neuroticism (greater emotional stability, less tension).
Greater self-reliance (greater effectiveness, more balanced
mood, greater vigour).
FEHR, T.; NERSTHEIMER, U.; and TORBER, S. Study of
personality changes resulting from the Transcendental Meditation
program: Freiburger Personality Inventory. Department of Social
Affairs, MlU/Forschungsring Schöpferische Intelligenz,
Dormagen, W. Germany, 1972.
Collected Papers v1.65.
Title: Influence of Transcendental Meditation
on a measure of self-actualisation.
Findings: Increased self-actualisation:
- Increased inner-directedness (independence,
self-supportiveness).
- Increased spontaneity.
- Enhanced self-regard.
SEEMAN, W.; NIDICH, S.; and BANTA, T. Influence of
Transcendental Meditation on a measure of self-actualisation. Journal
of Counseling Psychology 19: 184-187, 1972.
Collected Papers vol.1.64.
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